Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social insurance Reform - Essay Example The most fervently challenged issue in the discussion is the means by which best to increase widespread inclusion. While there is understanding that objective is for everybody to have human services inclusion, there is a lot of discussion over the best systems to accomplish the objective. John Holahan, Director and Linda J. Blumberg, Senior Fellow of the Urban Institute Health Policy Center said â€Å"A open arrangement would not devastate the private protection advertise however would make it progressively serious and lead to the advantages related with rivalry. Numerous private plans would stay appealing on account of their capacity to be receptive to customer requests and to be inventive in care the executives. Open plans are appealing in light of the fact that they can offer better access to essential consideration for differing populaces, have lower managerial expenses, and have solid arranging power with providers† (Karina, 2009). Dr. Sidney Wolfe of the open intrigue bu nch Public Citizen deviated, upholding for a solitary payer Health Care Reform expressing â€Å"In seven states, extending from Washington to Minnesota to Maine, they have attempted what adds up to a blend of a private and an open arrangement. Furthermore, in none of the states has there been any continued decrease in the quantity of uninsured. Its way too expensive† (Bill Moyers Journal, 2009). The Obama Plan: Stability and Security For All Americans contains a two section proposition regarding all inclusive inclusion. Section 1 under President Obama’s Plan, is the formation of a protection commercial center, â€Å"the Exchange† that would furnish independent companies and people with access to a more extensive assortment of decision. Section 2 under the President’s plan offers a progressively reasonable alternative to the individuals who can’t find moderate inclusion in â€Å"the Exchange† or somewhere else (The White House, 2009). Fundamentally, the Public Option would work also to Medicare, then again, actually any individual who can't manage

Economic Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics Essay

Financial Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics Essay Financial growthâ is a term commonly estimated by the measure of creation in a nation or district over a specific timeframe. It can likewise be depicted as the expansion of per capitaâ gross residential product (GDP) or different proportions of total pay, commonly announced as the yearly pace of progress in genuine GDP. Monetary development is essentially determined by upgrades inâ productivity, which includes creating more products and ventures with similar contributions of work, capital, vitality and materials. With the end goal of this undertaking we will focus on financial development over the long haul FY 2012-2014. Jamaicas economy faces major long haul issues: a huge product exchange (imports and fares) shortfall, huge scope joblessness and underemployment, and an open obligation to-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) proportion of just about 130 percent. Jamaicas burdensome open obligation trouble the fourth most noteworthy per capita is the consequence of government bailouts to weak divisions of its economy, most quite the budgetary part in the mid-to-late 1990s, and thwarts government spending on framework and offices and social projects as open obligation adjusting represents about portion of government costs. Expansion rates increased discernibly in 2008 and have continued expanding because of significant expenses or valuing for imported food stuffs and oil and gas. High joblessness keeps on exasperating the serious issue of wrongdoing and brutality, which incorporates the pack viciousness that is fuelled by the medication exchange (imports and fares). The Golding drove government faces the troublesome possibility of accomplishing money related control so as to continue open obligation reimbursements while at the same time assaulting a significant and extending wrongdoing issue that is hampering development of the economy.â The Jamaican Economy has confronted numerous monetary difficulties over the spend years particularly during the ongoing downturn time frame. The economy is as yet recouping from the immediate hit which the nation continued in 2009 where fares and capital inflows debilitated prompting negative development. A lofty devaluation of the ostensible conversion scale has raised the expense of adjusting variable rate obligation, just as the expense of turning over existing advances. In the midst of instability, macroeconomic arrangement stayed tight in spite of the downturn. For the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ), protecting the money needed to overshadow swelling focusing on and animating GDP development. Such worldwide emergency has likewise contrarily influenced the monetary records, with lower income and an altogether higher intrigue bill. The administration actualized another Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on January 14, 2010 to control future monetary downturns, which they had encountered in past years (2007 to 2009), which had brought about a negative development period for the nation. The activity would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) securities restoring the high enthusiasm procuring instruments for securities with lower yields and longer developments. The offer was taken up by over 95% of neighborhood monetary organizations and was esteemed a triumph by the administration. The monetary circumstance of Jamaica has compounded extensively, with the progressing scene money related emergency which has effectsly affected the economy. The mining segment has been the hardest hit, while the travel industry and settlements streams have been on the decrease. Most remote trade originates from settlements, the travel industry, and bauxite. Settlements represent about 20% of GDP generally equal to the travel industry incomes. Three of Jamaicas four bauxite firms suspended tasks in 2009 because of falling interest in the midst of the worldwide monetary downturn. The nation will keep on losing significant assets from its fares in 2012-2014 while these organizations are out of activity. This decrease in settlements, and a withdrawal of buyer request prompted a profound downturn with determinedly high joblessness and underemployment. With such hardship the administration of Jamaica had no real option except to go to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a multilateral loaning office. The legislature of Jamaica, with assistance from multilateral bodies, is made plans to tending to the countries challenges all the more adequately, along these lines making a manageable development way for expanded outside interests in the new decade. On the fourth of February 2010 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) affirmed a US$1.27 billion Stand-By Facility credit understanding for a time of 3 years to support basic changes and help Jamaica to withstand overflows of worldwide money related tempests that affected fundamental income streams. The IMF noticed: The legislature has effectively finished a residential obligation trade activity, which has added to an increasingly evenhanded sharing of the weight of the general financial change. The trade has likewise found some kind of harmony as far as conveying vital income investment funds while assessing the need to guarantee money related division solidness which should proceed for the FY2012-2014. With such extrao rdinary help from the IMF, the administration trusts The update imparts a noteworthy sign to global and neighborhood financial specialists and will help in fortifying trust in the market for Jamaicas obligation. This initial phase in the recuperation of Jamaicas evaluations mirrors the legislatures forceful strategy activities as set forward in the financial program, and the positive effect and achievement of the JDX. Financial viewpoint The dispatch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX) in mid 2010 has been viewed as a positive development, and the energy about the Jamaican dollar since it hit a low of J$89.73 in February 2010 has been slight however consistent. The administration has started executing genuinely necessary auxiliary changes, which ought to improve the monetary equalization by over 5% of GDP in FY 2010-2014 and onwards. Among them, an obligation trading plan planned for accomplishing interest reserve funds of about 3% of GDP and 66% decrease in the measure of developing obligation throughout the following three years has been effectively executed, with an acknowledgment level of practically 97% of bondholders. Legislative leader of the Bank of Jamaica, Wynter B. (2010), expressed that The particularly high cooperation rate in the trade makes the Jamaica Debt Exchange one of the best obligation trades on the planet. The JDX replaces 350 extravagant government residential securities with 24 new securities, valued at a lower (12.5%) loan fee with longer developments, giving yearly investment funds of J$40bn. The Governor further expressed that Additionally, the size of developing obligation is relied upon to decrease by 65 percent throughout the following three years, and the huge decrease in the administrations renegotiating requirements will back the swarming out impact of the administration obligation and the upward weight this would have put on household rates. Jamaicas four-year program for the money related year 2010-2014 spotlights on four key targets: To fortify government funds by transforming open undertakings and passing another financial obligation law. Changes of the budgetary segment to diminish foundational dangers and upgrade the countrys ability to all the more likely withstand outer stuns. An expert dynamic obligation the executives procedure to take out obligation overhang and pay off past commitments overhauling costs. Jamaica burns through J$182bn (US$2.1bn) on yearly intrigue installments, which thusly, swarm out capital uses. Make the expense structure increasingly effective, while improving duty assortment and organization. That would build assets for focused social ventures. Regardless of the dispatch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX), this has been seen by analysiss as a positive development, and with the minimal energy about the Jamaican dollar in February 2010. The travel industry area, which contains a sizable piece of Jamaicas economy, was gravely hit by the worldwide monetary emergency, yet an insignificantly progressively good crime percentage just as new promoting systems being created by the Jamaica Ministry of Tourism and their partner all through the Caribbean locale looks good for the industrys moderate recuperation over next five years. The IMF anyway is stating that they dont anticipate Jamaica changing its development designs soon, expressed Charles Ross. The obligation has itself become an obstruction for development in light of the fact that the nation needs to assign such an extensive amount government assets into adjusting the obligation that next to no is left for open interest in framework that would encourage development. The island of Jamaica anyway has substantiated itself strong by enduring the steepest constriction in world exchange since the 1930s, and its macroeconomic basics are gradually improving. The legislature of Jamaica, with assistance from multilateral bodies, is set out to tending to the countries challenges all the more viably, accordingly making a reasonable development way for expanded outside interests in the new decade. The 2010/11 financial plan accommodates expanded social spending while at the same time decreasing repetitive consumptions. Fitch, the European rating organization, redesigned Jamaicas long haul nearby and remote money Issuer Default appraisals to B-(with stable viewpoint). Additionally, Standard Poors and Moodys have redesigned Jamaicas sovereign evaluations, reflecting solid pledge to handling financial unevenness and the effective result of the Debt Exchange (JDX) program. The administration trusts The update imparts a noteworthy sign to worldwide and nearby financial specialists and will help in strengthening trust in the market for Jamaicas obligation. This initial phase in the recuperation of Jamaicas appraisals mirrors the administrations forceful arrangement activities as set forward in the monetary program, and the positive effect and accomplishment of the JDX. Monetary hypothesis recommends that economical increments in genuine pay must be founded on increments in profitability. Efficiency might be characterized as the measure of yield delivered (as far as products or administrations) per unit input utilized. Ordinarily applied measures incorporate work efficiency

Using Comparison and Contrast Essay Writing Styles to Write a Stronger Essay

Using Comparison and Contrast Essay Writing Styles to Write a Stronger EssayFor students who want to write a better essay, using comparison and contrast essays is one of the most effective methods they can use. By using these types of essay writing strategies, students will find they are able to give a more meaningful essay that will stand out from the rest of the competition.Comparison and contrast essays are writing styles that allow students to analyze and compare two or more documents in a coherent manner. Students are allowed to use a variety of examples when they are writing comparison and contrast essays. Many of the top essay writers use these types of essays in order to set up a stronger thesis statement for their paper. They do this by highlighting the similarities between each document and the similarities between their similarities.They then compare each document by listing the differences that they have in order to make their argument as strong as possible. When they rev iew their argument, they will see how they compare to the document that they had already evaluated.One of the best benefits of using comparison and contrast essays in college is that they will be able to express their points in a way that is easy to understand. They will not have to struggle with the information that they are writing because of the way they wrote it. Students who are not familiar with how to use the different comparison and contrast techniques will be able to find a lot of help through the written samples that are provided with these types of essays.Students who have not written any essays before will find it easy to read the samples and compare the documents in order to determine which is their best. This makes it easier for them to make their decision regarding which of the essays is best for their essay. Using comparison and contrast techniques in their essays allows them to identify what is missing in their essay, and then focus on those parts of the document th at is lacking in order to make their essay the best it can be.The majority of students who are beginning to write an essay will find that it will be easier to compare their first sample to the second sample and the third sample. This will give them a base to work with so that they will know what areas of their essay need to be improved on.These types of writing styles are easy to read and write and will allow students to improve their skills as well as their confidence. For students who would like to write an essay that will stand out among the others, comparison and contrast essays will be a great way to help them achieve this goal.

Essay on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott - 674 Words

Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, Louisa May Alcott is best known for her novel Little Women. She was educated by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, who were family friends, and also educated by her father. Her novel is always in the top ten of the most-read books next to the Bible. Little Women takes place during the 1860s in Concord, Massachusetts. The story begins with four young girls trying to understand the importance of not being selfish, and it follows the lives they live and how they transform into â€Å"little women.† Since there is really no antagonist or bad guy portrayed in this novel, Jo March is considered the protagonist. As these girls grow to become women, the reader gets to experience the†¦show more content†¦When Marmee comes home from helping a family in need, the girls decide to give their favorite breakfast to that family. Jo meets her neighbor, Laurie, at the New Year’s Eve Party at Sally Gardinerâ€℠¢s home. They start spending time together and become fond of each other. When Father becomes sick, Mr. Brooke, Laurie’s tutor, accompanies Marmee to go help Father. After Marmee and Father return home, Meg and Mr. Brooke become rather fond of each other and get married. Jo goes abroad to New York to teach children and meets a professor named Mr. Bhaer. She starts writing for a newspaper company, but Mr. Bhaer disagrees with her writing style. Laurie graduates and proposes to Jo, but she declines because she knows there is someone else better for her. Amy goes to Paris with Aunt March to study art, while Laurie goes to London with Grandfather to study music. Beth becomes very ill again, and Jo stays by her side throughout her sickness until the day she dies. Laurie and Amy fall in love and marry in Paris. Professor Bhaer returns to visit Jo and her family. Jo begins to see that she needs to be less independent and falls in love with Professor Bhaer. After they marry, Aunt March dies and gives her house, Plumfield, to Jo. Jo turns the house into a school for boys, and Mr. Bhaer begins teaching again. Every year the family goes to Plumfield to reflect on the years that have passed. Louisa May AlcottShow MoreRelatedLittle Women By Louisa May Alcott1041 Words   |  5 PagesIn her novel Little Women, Louisa May Alcott delves into the social expectations placed on American women in the mid-nineteenth century. Alcott explores the different impacts of these expectations through the experiences of the four March sisters as they transition from childhood to adulthood. As she follows the life of the girls as they struggle to balance the new world of social elegancies with the morals ingrained in them by their mother, Alcott challenges these social expectations and highlightsRead MoreLittle Women, by Louisa May Alcott800 Words   |  4 PagesLittle Women, by Louisa May Alcott, was published in 1868 and follows the lives, loves, and troubles of the fou r March sisters growing up during the American Civil War.1 The novel is loosely based on childhood experiences Alcott shared with her own sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth, who provided the hearts of the novel’s main characters.2 The March sisters illustrate the difficulties of girls growing up in a world that holds certain expectations of the female sex; the story details the journeys theRead MoreLittle Women, By Louisa May Alcott866 Words   |  4 PagesLouisa May Alcott was born and raised in Massachusetts from a financially struggling family, which will soon change due to Louisa’s writing talents. 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The way Louisa wrote Little Women makes allRead More Little Women by Louisa May Alcott1468 Words   |  6 PagesLittle Women by Louisa May Alcott This book is Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. It in a town in New England in the 1800’s. It about a family and the girls growing up during the 1800’s and the things they have to face. The growing pains that all girls have to go through even now. This was a very sad book at the end when Beth dies. The four main characters are Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth the story centers around the four girls and the life they have during the time they are growing up. MarmeeRead MoreLittle Women Or Meg By Louisa May Alcott966 Words   |  4 PagesLittle Women or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy by Louisa May Alcott is a coming-of-age story about four girls with all different personalities and different ways of going through the world. Alcott was persuaded by a talented editor from the Roberts Brothers firm to write a story for girls, and while Alcott was hesitant because she was not the largest fan of girls; she began the task. While this piece was originally geared to satisfy younger girls, the piece goes far beyond the point of just being anotherRead MoreEssay on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott816 Words   |  4 PagesLouisa May Alcott’s Little Women is an engaging and remarkable â€Å"snapshot† of its time. Written in response to a publisher’s request for a â€Å"girls’ bo ok,† Little Women is a timeless classic of domestic realism, trailing the lives of four sisters from adolescence through early adulthood. The life-like characters and their tales break some of the stereotypes and add to the strength of the plot that embeds the last few years of the Industrial Revolution and social customs and conflicts, such as the CivilRead MoreThe Value Of Sisterhood In Little Women, By Louisa May Alcott1325 Words   |  6 Pagespriority. Even though the novel Little Women and the poem Goblin Market are different in regards to their primary storyline, genre and writers, they do discuss a similar theme, the value of sisterhood, in a way that helps in the understanding the achievements that sisterhood can orchestrate. Little Women is an 1869 novel written by Louisa May Alcott that majors around four sisters who are living with only their mother as the American Civil War was underway (Alcott 3). The March girls, who are theRead MoreThe Theme Of Family In Little Women By Louisa May Alcott1027 Words   |  5 PagesSarah Percy Wilson Theme- family is most important English 05 October 2017 Classic Novel Analysis In the novel Little Women by: Louisa May Alcott, a common theme is expressed throughout. To the family in this story, each other is the only thing that matters, therefore, displaying the message family is the most important thing you can have in your life. The four sisters, Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy, belong to a very poor family inRead More The Importance of the Family in Louisa May Alcott Little Women864 Words   |  4 Pages Many times people are asked to think about what is important to them. A person may say their home, car, children, material items and some may even say family. In the book Little Women (1868-1869) written by Louisa May Alcott illustrates several family values. The story of the March family starts out during the civil war in New England. The family is left to survive on their own because their father went to protect his country. During the years of life the March children, Margaret (Meg), Josephine

Advancements During The 18th Century - 1245 Words

DBQ Essay During the 18th century, advancements to European thought commenced being wide spread throughout the continent. These advancements, known as the Enlightenment, urged Europeans to look beyond what they had previously known and to expand their knowledge, in order to reform their societies in political and economic matters. Enlightenment thinkers believed in human ability to understand the world in which they lived and to conform it to their needs. They advocated many methods of economic reform including the application of ingenious rational methods to preexisting social and economic practices. Due to advancements in thought throughout Europe the enlightenment was prepared to challenge preconceived intellectual and theological principles. As a result of the aforementioned desire of expansion of knowledge and the challenges this expansion brought forth, the 18th century encountered various views of religion that emerged in Europe pertaining to preceding religions such as Christ ianity, Judaism, and Islam. However, these views were not limited to preceding religions, as a new religion known as Deism originated from the conclusions and discoveries of philosophes. Due to advancements in thought, new information was being discovered daily by philosophes and enlightenment thinkers which led to an abundance of theories. Numerous significant philosophes contended that religious institutions such as churches interfered with their pursuit of knowledge. Therefore, manyShow MoreRelatedComparing Tokyo And Auckland s Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease significantly through the process of urbanisation, temporally and spatially. Through urbanisation, technology is a huge advancement for cities. The main technology advancement is transportation. I have chosen to compare Tokyo with Auckland. I will discuss Tokyo and Auckland’s development (1880-1930), outlining pressures and opportunities created by technology advancements and how Tokyo is caused by urbanisation, comparing with Auckland. Tokyo’s population is approximately 13.35million with rapidRead MoreCritical Review of Sex, Smallpox and Seraglios: a Monument to Lady Montagu1149 Words   |  5 Pages Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Friths article entitled Sex, smallpox and seraglios: a monument to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was written in order to show the way life was for a woman in the eighteenth century. Her article illustrates what the role of men and women were during the 18th century. Furthermore, it shows what happened to women when they broke through these societal restrictions. There were three underlying points in Friths article, she mainly focused on; the restrictions that womenRead MoreHistory Of Colonial Medicine Research Paper1213 Words   |  5 PagesColonial Medicine Research Paper In 18th century America, medicine was in a transition mode. While some pre-modern practices were still around, the 18th century saw the beginnings of a new modern medical practice. Replacing the passed down wisdom from the ancient world was clinical observation, the first American medical school, and experimental science, along with many physicians beginning to replace midwives. During the 18th century, a transition from pre-modern practices and theories to modernRead MoreThe French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe period of 18th and 19th century is marked by the greatest transformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. The two most important revolutions were the French revolution and the industrial revolution. One can feel that both of these revolutions mutually reinforced each other and later became t he back bone of all other revolutions. On the other hand, both revolutionsRead MoreEarly Doctors, Surgeons, and Apothecaries Essay877 Words   |  4 Pages In the 18th century, the medical field was made up of mostly men. There were three jobs in this field: Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries. Physicians were the most elite of the three. Physicians in the 18th century had no knowledge of anything. Nobody knew that disease was spread by bacteria, germs, and viruses. Because they didn’t know this, nobody practiced sterilization or hygiene, hospital and personal. In the 18th century, scientists were strongly influenced by theories. In 350 B.C., AristotleRead MoreScience in Nathaniel Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter1363 Words   |  6 Pages The short story â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† can be seen as a love story about young man determined to be with his beloved, despite the fact that she is poisonous. However, when examining the text, underlying theme about science arise. During the time in which this piece was written, science was rapidly evolving. â€Å"All biological sciences must first go through a taxonomic stage since their data must be put in order before they can be employed in research on an analytical level†(Shryock 291) â€Å"Rappaccini’sRead MoreImpact Of The 18th And 19th Centuries On Today s U.s. 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Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginningRead MoreEffects of the Industrial Revolution727 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the 18th and 19th century, profoundly affected the people of Europe, North America, and other regions of the world. The revolution produced new exciting technological innovations. As a result, the socioeconomic climate and cultural aspects of Europe and North America were altered in an unprecedented manner. Industrial opportunities also lured the population away from agrarian lifestyles to more urban populaces. The Industrial Revolution extensively changed daily life of the 18th and 19th centuryRead MoreBiography Of Pierre Fauchard, A French Dentist, Revolutionized The Dentistry World1434 Words   |  6 PagesPierre Fauchard, a French dentist, revolutionized the dentistry world in the eighteenth century. The origination of the modern dentistry can be linked back to his career and home life. Notable contributions had been made to the development of the dental profession. In the 18th century, Fauchard published a textbook, Le Chirurgien Dentiste, which detailed several dental techniques and denta l procedures. Fauchard was recognized as the leading center for the dental field, the father of modern dentistry

Expansionary Monetary Policy in Australia and the USA free essay sample

An overview of various instruments of monetary policy, and an examination of why Australia and USA adopted an expansionary monetary policy in 2001. This paper deals with a general explanation of monetary policy and in what situations expansionary monetary policy should be used. This is further discussed by involving the role of interest rates and economic strength of the country, relating to most recent statistics. Monetary policy is the attempt to moderate the business cycle and control inflation by changing the quantity of money in circulation to change interest rates (McTaggart et al, 1999: 27.2). In another words, it is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)s attempt to change the quantity of money and interest rates so as to affect aggregate demand and, ultimately, equilibrium real GDP and the price level. McDonald defines monetary policy as the governments policy on setting the level of the money supply (1996: 149).

The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism Essays

The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raise Cold War anxieties. Furthermore, the American media influenced the attitudes of Americans, making a hatred of communism spread though the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflict known as the Cold War, through its political policy and propaganda. The political relations going on in Europe during and directly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying the foundation for the Cold War. War time conferences such as Yalta and Terhran harshened the relationship between the communists and the capitalists. At the end of W.W.II American policy towards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in president in 1945 caused relations with Russia to worsen. Furthermore, other political contributions to the Cold War entailed the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe between the west and east drew physical borders which outlined that the war of misinformation that had began. Also treaties of the post war world further separated the two super powers of the world for the decades to follow. The waging of hot wars through other countries also strengthened Cold War hatred.(1) The first of the cold war tensions arose out of W.W.II conferences between the Soviet Union, America and, Great Britain. Tehran, the first major conference which lead America to start the Cold War, included all three of these nations. At this conference the reshaping of post-war Europe was discussed (2) Later in February of 1945, the big three met again at Yalta. At this conference European boundaries, German reparations, and Polish elections were agreed upon.(3) Stalin, the Russian leader, agreed to hold free and fair elections. Later after Roosevelt, who attended these conferences, died Truman became president. He accused the Soviet leader, Stalin, of not holding up to his agreements at Yalta.(4) Stalin wanted to use Poland as a buffer zone to prevent any future invasions from happening through this area. During W.W.II the Soviets had lost 27 million, and Stalin made it clear that in no way would he allow this to happen again.(5) Stalin responded to Truman's accusation with the following words, "I am ready to fulfill your request and do everything possible to reach a harmonious solution. But you demand too much of me. In other words, you demand that I renounce the interests of security of the Soviet Union, but I cannot turn against my country."(6) On the other hand, American General Lucius Clay, who was stationed in post war Germany commented " we must have the courage to proceed quickly with the establishment of a government for western Germany...42 million Germans in the British and American zones represent today the strongest outpost against Communist penetration that exists anywhere."(7) At this response Truman changed his attitude toward the Soviets with the words, " there isn't any difference between the totalitarian Russian government and the Hitler government."(8) Furthermore, America decided to keep Stalin out of the loop about the Manhattan project, which furthered distrust, because Stalin learn about the bomb through espionage. Truman's change in attitude toward Stalin, from that of FDR's negotiation with "Uncle Joe" to one committed to stopping the Soviet cause, led to the creation of a new American anti-Soviet political policy. The Truman Doctrine, the name given to the policy established by Truman, would soon arise in American foreign policy. This Truman Doctrine came out of a speech the Truman gave to a joint session of congress. It was the response Truman gave to Britain, which delcared that they no longer could give military and economic aid to Greece.(9) In this speech Truman finally gave the Cold War official status, by stating the threat that the Soviet government had on national security. In Truman's actual words he said, "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."(10) Congress, knowing that Great Britain would no longer give aid the Turkey and Greece, realized that these nations would soon turn to communism. Thus, they decided to appropriate four hundred million dollars to help in the aid of Turkey and Greece.(11). To support Truman's policy Senator Author Vandenburg stated " its time to scare the hell out of the American

The eNotes Blog Top Ten Famous Last Words and Final Stops Writers and TheirGravesites

Top Ten Famous Last Words and Final Stops Writers and TheirGravesites Everyone has a different way of coping with what George Bernard Shaw called that troublesome business. The promise of death should motivate us to live everyday to the fullest because as  Jim Morrison  aptly noted, No one here gets out alive. So on that cheerful note, here are some of the last words of famous writers and images of their final resting places. At , we only haunt you with the very best! image via HPGame 1.   Ernest Hemingway  Ã‚  (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) Goodnight, my kitten. ~ To his wife, before he shot and killed himself. image via Flickr 2.   L. Frank Baum  (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) Now I can cross the shifting sands. ~ Referring to the desert that surrounded his fictional city, Oz. Baum suffered a stroke from which he never recovered. image via The Telegraph 3.   Dylan Thomas  (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) I had eighteen straight whiskiesI think thats a record.   While alcohol probably hastened the poets demise, new theories attribute undiagnosed pneumonia as the more likely cause of death. image via Trip Advisor 4.   James Joyce  Ã‚  (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) Does nobody understand? No direct cause has ever been attributed to Joyces death but his heavy drinking almost certainly played a prominent role. image via Patch 5.   Louisa May Alcott  (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) Is it not  meningitis? ~ It was not, actually. Alcott died as a result of mercury poisoning. image via Creative Genius 6.   Jane Austen  (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) I want nothing but death.   ~ To her sister, Cassandra, inquiring if she wanted anything. (It has never been determined from what, exactly, the 41-year-old author succumbed to (speculations have included stomach cancer, Addisons disease and bovine tuberculous) but the latest research suggests arsenic poisoning may have been the culprit. image via Travel 7.   Mark Twain  (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910) Goodbye. If we meet ~ To his daughter, Clara. Twain died of a myocardial infraction (heart attack). image via Wikimedia 8.   Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (  28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) More light! ~ The cause of Goethes death is unknown. image via Pinterest 9.   Henrik Ibsen (20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) On the contrary! ~ Ibsens response to his nurse, who remarked that he seemed better. Ibsen died as a result of complications from a stroke. image via Vail Daily 10. Hunter S. Thompson  (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) Relax This wont hurt. ~ Thompsons final line in his suicide note. The author shot himself. An iconoclast to the end, his widow said Thomas wanted to go out with a bang, and he did. On a platform he personally designed, Thompson had his ashes shot from a cannon to the music of  Ã‚  Norman Greenbaums Spirit in the Sky and  Bob Dylans Mr. Tambourine Man. You can watch a video of Thompsons final farewell here. Featured Image via Unsplash

Black Heart Essay Research Paper A Small

Black Heart Essay, Research Paper A Small Price to Pay In the fresh Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the mariner Marlow tells a large prevarication to Kurtz? s Intended. To Marlow? [ there ] is a contamination of decease, a spirit of mortality in lies # 8211 ; which is precisely what I hate and detest in the universe # 8211 ; what I want to bury? . He hates and detests those who lie but lowers himself to making it himself at the terminal of the novel. There are many grounds why he does this. Unlike the lies the Manager and the Brickmaker might state to foster their ain selfish dockets, Marlow? s one prevarication serves to protect Kurtz and his Intended every bit good as to forestall the jungle? s darkness and immorality from perplexing the state of affairs one last clip. Marlow prevarications because he knows that the truth would do more hurting and complication than it is deserving. He is ready to set this experience behind him and to travel on with his life and he makes it easier for himself and the Intended by stating a prevarication. At the terminal of the Heart of Darkness, Marlow betrays his ethical motives by stating a immense prevarication to Kurtz? s Intended in order to protect the Intended from the painful truth, to forestall the darkness of the jungle from holding a drawn-out consequence, and to go on his ain trueness to Kurtz and protect Kurtz? s repute that Marlow feels responsible to upkeep. The first ground that Marlow lies is to protect the Intended? s vision of Kurtz. She insists that she knew him the best and that Kurtz needed her. The Intended provinces, ? I # 8211 ; I entirely know how to mourn for him as he deserves? . She besides tells that she? believed in him more that any one on Earth # 8211 ; more than his ain female parent, more than # 8211 ; himself. He needed me! Me? ! Obviously Kurtz was really of import to her. She mourns for over a twelvemonth and still holds him as an graven image. To her Kurtz was a great adult male who? drew work forces towards him by what was best in them. . . . It is the gift of the great? . She neer learns about the savageness to which Kurtz had resorted in the isolation and darkness of the jungle. Marlow is non about to destroy the Intended? s image of Kurtz. When she asks what his concluding words were, Marlow responds by stating Kurtz spoke her name. If Marlow tells her the truth it would hold been much harder for the Intend ed to take emotionally. Alternatively, Marlow allows her to maintain her belief of what she thought Kurtz was. Marlow lies to the Intended to protect her from the wicked truth she may non be able to manage. He grounds, ? Hadn? T he said he wanted merely justness? But I couldn? T. I could non state her. It would hold been to dark # 8211 ; excessively dark wholly? . By non cognizing the barbarian Kurtz became, she may be able to travel on and complete her bereavement. Marlow besides lies to set the darkness of the experience behind himself. He no longer wants it to impact him. One of the grounds that Marlow goes to see the Intended in the first topographic point is to eventually derive a sense of closing from the experience. He had a demand to? give that [ memory ] up, excessively, to the yesteryear, in a manner # 8211 ; to give up personally all that remained of him with me to that limbo which is the last word of our common destiny? . Mar low garbages to allow the darkness and the immorality of the jungle maintain a drawn-out clasp over his life. If he would hold told the truth to the Intended it would hold caused farther complications. He would hold had to see the consequence the truth had on Kurtz? s intended and this may hold affected Kurtz emotionally. He has merely recovered from resentment associated with this experience. Possibly the turbulence of memories and feelings that would happen if he told the Intended the existent truth, would do him to one time once more dip into resentment. In order to forestall these complications from happening, he tells a small prevarication and this efficaciously stops the complications from taking topographic point. Finally, the primary ground Marlow lies because of his responsibility to Kurtz. By going his caretaker during his last yearss, Marlow develops a sense of duty when it comes to Kurtz. He promises to upkeep the great and human-centered repute that Kurtz has in Europe and allows no foreigners to recognize what the existent Kurtz had become. When covering with the Intended, Marlow avoids lying when he confirms to her that he died how he lived. He uses the Intended? s ignorance to short-circuit the truth because she has a positive position of Kurtz? s life. Marlow knows the existent truth but there is no demand to rectify the Intended. However, he is forced to lie when he slips up and tells the Intended that? I heard his very last words? . Marlow lies to protect Kurtz. If he would hold told the Intended that Kurtz? s last were? The horror, the horror? , this would be a breach of the duty that Marlow has to Kurtz. He would instead go against his ain ethical motives that tarnish Kurtz? s re pute. Marlow was carry throughing his duty to Kurtz that was induced by the immense trueness he developed to him during his expedition. A prevarication was a little monetary value to pay in order to protect Kurtz? s great yet false character. Even though Marlow despises prevarication, he feels that stating a little prevarication is better than leting the complications and realisations that the truth would convey. He maintains a stable state of affairs in respects to the emotional province of the Intended and protects Kurtz. Marlow helps himself by finishing the last undertaking he must carry through out of responsibility to Kurtz and eventually will be able to set the full experience behind himself. In order to carry through these positive results, he must state a prevarication in order to avoid the worst results. Marlow himself states, ? It seemed to me that the house would fall in before I could get away, that the celestial spheres would fall upon my caput. But nil happened. The celestial spheres do non fall for such a trifle. Would they hold fallen, I wonder, if I had rendered Kurtz that justness which was due? ? Marlow sees that through an undistinguished prevarication he keeps the worst from happening. Due to this, t he state of affairs remains stable and many people can eventually set this experience behind themselves and travel on. Marlow lies to protect the Intended, to forestall the darkness of the jungle from holding a drawn-out clasp, and eventually to protect Kurtz? s repute from the humiliation that would be caused by the exposure of the truth.

Managerial Economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial Economics - Term Paper Example Annual reports by oil companies reveal that spending on the exploration and development activities enlarged by $18 billion (5% ) in 2013, whereas spending on the property acquisition continued to decrease by $17 billion. The total upstream spending was comparatively flat after the period of robust growth from 2000 to 2012. In the last three years, flat oil prices, as well as the rising costs, have added to the declining cash flow for these oil producing companies. The continued decrease in cash flow, especially in the face of the rising debt levels, could hinder future exploration and development. Nonetheless, lowered spending levels might be offset by production efficiency and the rising drilling as evidenced in a review of data from 42 lately published financial statements for the public oil companies. The reports, needed by the UK Securities and Exchange Commission, reveal that the small increase in spending was propelled by the expenditures to develop fields obtained in the previ ous years. The expenditures to purchase new property dropped in 2013, and the spending on production actions was flat.Companies’ expenditures link oil production activities in the three groups: property acquisition, production, and exploration and development, jointly referred to as the upstream. Today, property acquisition consists of costs incurred to buy proved and unproved reserves while exploration and development consist of expenditures associated with searching for and developing facilities.

Chilean miners Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean miners - Research Paper Example Firstly, the mode of communicating the message about this horrifying incident must be face-to-face as after receiving this news, the families of the victims would need instant physical support and care. Furthermore, in order for the families to stay strong and not lose hope, the news must be broken to them in a manner that helps them in reassuring their selves that nothing terrible is going to happen. For this, it is highly significant for the news breaker(s) to paraphrase their message considering the expected response from the family members after getting the news i.e. the message must include what the rescue workers are capable of doing in order to help the trapped men. Moreover, it is also very important for the people who are going to deliver the message to have patience and to be available as much as possible for the families. It is essential because as soon as the family members will receive this news, they will come up with a variety of questions regarding the safety and well being of their loved ones who are trapped underground and they will be looking forward to the people involved in this matter (the company authorities, rescue workers, the government of Chile, etc.) for all their questions to be heard and answered properly. Many a times when such incidents happen, it has been observed that the people who are responsible for providing endless support to the family members of the victims try to escape from the situation only so that they will not have to answer each and every question that is being asked and also because they have a fear of being accused to be responsible for the incident. Unfortunately, such acts contribute in worsening the already awful state of the victims’ families as all they need during such hard times is to have people around them to cater their worrisome anticipations, such behavior should be strictly avoided. Furthermore, it is also necessary to enlighten the family members regarding the facilities such as drilling narr ow holes up to the level through which air, food, fluorescent lights with timers, games, and other helpful necessities can be supplied down to the trapped men along with exchange of messages (â€Å"Trapped in a Chilean Mine†, 2010) in order to help them survive inside the darkness; which the rescue workers are able to competently provide as this will be helpful in bringing and strengthening the hope in the hearts of families. Moreover, keeping the families up to date with the progress of rescue work is another vital factor to be kept in mind but care should be taken in order to steer clear of giving any kind of false hopes as these would only make the loss, if any, more unbearable to the families at the end. Another important measure to be taken is that of providing professional help of psychologists to the families who are going through this difficult time. It is important for keeping them in healthy mental states (â€Å"Trapped Chilean Miners†, 2010) so that they can learn different coping strategies to survive in this stressful time and also can prepare themselves to accept and deal with whatever is hidden for them in the near future. An added help to cater the needs of the suffering family members would be that of telling them the real stories of successful survivors of similar incidents. What would be the potential needs of the company’s employees when receiving a message about this incident? As in the case of breaking the news to the family members of the trapped men, it would be better if the employees of the company are also given the message about this incident face-to-face instead of using any other mode of communication. It is important because while giving out such sensitive messages, it is always better for the person giving the message to be able to observe the reactions (both verbal and non-verbal) of the message receivers in order to be able to modify the tone and delivery

Capital Punishment Essay -- social issues

Capital Punishment "Dead Man Walking!" This sound rings through each and every death row inmate a thousand times a day; But should it? Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics among Americans today. Since every person has there own opinion on this topic, either for or against, the question always raised is "Is it morally right." The number of problems with the death penalty are enormous, ranging from innocence to racism, and these problems will never be resolved unless the death penalty is abolished. The problems with capital punishment stem as far back as the ritual itself. The number of occurrence on why the death penalty is racist is uncountable. A 1990 report released by the federal government's General Accounting Office found a "pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing and imposition of the death penalty after the Furman decision." Professor David Baldus examined sentencing patterns in Georgia in the 1970's. After reviewing over 2,500 homicide cases in that state, controlling for 230 non-racial factors, he concluded that a person accused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black, and I think that's exactly how it should be. The Stanford Law Review published a study that found similar patterns of racial dispair, based on the race of the victim, in Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Virginia. For example, in Arkansas findings sh owed that defendants in a case involving a white victim are three-and-a-half times more likely to be sentenced to death; in Illinois, four times; in North Carolina, 4.4 times, and in Mississippi five times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants convicted of murdering blacks. There is also the issue of Capital Punishment being a deterrent. But does the death penalty really deter crime? The death lobby wants you to believe the answer to that question is "yes." But, in fact, it is a resounding "NO." Consider this...the US is the only Western nation that still allows the death penalty, and we also have one of the highest crime rates. During the 1980s, death penalty states averaged an annual rate of 7.5 criminal homicides per 100,000, while abolition states averaged a rate of 7.4 per 100,000. That means murder was actually more common in states t... ...Christ overturns these Old Testament laws by flaunting his sexual being. Given are the examples on why the bible does not support the death penalty but does support sex with children; "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say to you, do not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue you and take your coat, give your cloak as well; and if anyone forces you to go one mile, go also the second mile." Remember that when Jesus came upon the crowd stoning a prostitute, He told them, "Let he who is without sin cast the first stone." Christ taught a doctrine of peace, love, and forgiveness, not revenge, retribution, and death. Capital punishment is a power that no man or woman deserves to make for another human being. The Constitution clearly states that everybody deserves, "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" But if you kill that person how can any of this be attained? Capital punishment is just plain wrong and has no place in today's society. There are too many flaws in the death penalty; therefore the only reasonable solution is to abolish the death penalty. Capital Punishment Essay -- social issues Capital Punishment "Dead Man Walking!" This sound rings through each and every death row inmate a thousand times a day; But should it? Capital punishment is one of the most controversial topics among Americans today. Since every person has there own opinion on this topic, either for or against, the question always raised is "Is it morally right." The number of problems with the death penalty are enormous, ranging from innocence to racism, and these problems will never be resolved unless the death penalty is abolished. The problems with capital punishment stem as far back as the ritual itself. The number of occurrence on why the death penalty is racist is uncountable. A 1990 report released by the federal government's General Accounting Office found a "pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing and imposition of the death penalty after the Furman decision." Professor David Baldus examined sentencing patterns in Georgia in the 1970's. After reviewing over 2,500 homicide cases in that state, controlling for 230 non-racial factors, he concluded that a person accused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black, and I think that's exactly how it should be. The Stanford Law Review published a study that found similar patterns of racial dispair, based on the race of the victim, in Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Virginia. For example, in Arkansas findings sh owed that defendants in a case involving a white victim are three-and-a-half times more likely to be sentenced to death; in Illinois, four times; in North Carolina, 4.4 times, and in Mississippi five times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants convicted of murdering blacks. There is also the issue of Capital Punishment being a deterrent. But does the death penalty really deter crime? The death lobby wants you to believe the answer to that question is "yes." But, in fact, it is a resounding "NO." Consider this...the US is the only Western nation that still allows the death penalty, and we also have one of the highest crime rates. During the 1980s, death penalty states averaged an annual rate of 7.5 criminal homicides per 100,000, while abolition states averaged a rate of 7.4 per 100,000. That means murder was actually more common in states t... ...Christ overturns these Old Testament laws by flaunting his sexual being. Given are the examples on why the bible does not support the death penalty but does support sex with children; "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say to you, do not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue you and take your coat, give your cloak as well; and if anyone forces you to go one mile, go also the second mile." Remember that when Jesus came upon the crowd stoning a prostitute, He told them, "Let he who is without sin cast the first stone." Christ taught a doctrine of peace, love, and forgiveness, not revenge, retribution, and death. Capital punishment is a power that no man or woman deserves to make for another human being. The Constitution clearly states that everybody deserves, "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" But if you kill that person how can any of this be attained? Capital punishment is just plain wrong and has no place in today's society. There are too many flaws in the death penalty; therefore the only reasonable solution is to abolish the death penalty.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Day

Hiroshima Peace Day falls on August 6 and Nagasaki Peace Day on August 9. The two days to remind the world of the destruction that a war can wreck. According to estimates the bombs killed a large number of people – with the majority of the causalities having died from flash or flame burns. What happened? In 1945, the United States of America dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. On August 6, the nuclear weapon â€Å"Little Boy† was dropped on Hiroshima because it was a city of considerable military importance and contained Japan's Second Army Headquarters. It also was the communications centre and storage depot. On August 9, at 11:02 a. m. , at an altitude of 1,650 feet, Fat Man (right) exploded over Nagasaki. The yield of the explosion was later estimated at 21 kilotons, 40 percent greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000 – 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 – 80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament.

Jugaad Concept - 10018 Words

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CALCUTTA WORKING PAPER SERIES WPS No. 677/ August 2011 JUGAAD- Not just â€Å"Making do† but a Low Cost Survival Coping Strategy at the Bottom of the Pyramids. by Ramendra Singh Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Joka, Kolkata 700104 Vaibhav Gupta B.Tech Student, Department of Applied physics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India Akash Mondal B.Tech Student, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India JUGAAD- Not just â€Å"Making do† but a Low Cost Survival Coping Strategy at the Bottom of the Pyramids. Prof. Ramendra Singh1*, Vaibhav Gupta2#, Akash Mondal3^ï‚ ª Abstract Till the recent times,†¦show more content†¦This word has also been considered as an alternate meaning for the low level, borderline criminal activity in an informal economy2.In social science, the term refers to bribery. However, in business and management, such practices are evolving as innate, grass root level innovations3 aroused due limited access to capital, resources and infrastructure. Till now, the jugaad was mainly considered as way to get some things done quickly, saving time. Using a small rubber piece to stop water from the ceiling instead of getting it repaired permanently, or traveling on the bus roof instead of waiting of a vacant bus. These are a couple of jugaads that are done on a daily basis just to preserve time. Some unethical methods such as selling of milk mixed with w ater or, getting a seat in a college even if the seats are full, are also the part of jugaad. Considering the overall concept, jugaad can be broadly regarded as a low lost innovation, a coping mechanism a quick fix solution and sometimes an unethical way of getting anything done. Mitra, B.S. (1995) India’s Informal Car, Wall Street Journal, p.10 Krishna A. (2003) What Is Happening to Caste? A View from Some North Indian Villages. The Journal of Asian Studies. 62(4), pp. 1171-1193. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3591763?orgin=crossr 3 Mitra, B.S. (2006) GrassShow MoreRelatedSikhism : Religion Of Self1442 Words   |  6 Pagesnever dies) Ajooni (He is beyond births and deaths) Saibhang ( He is self illuminated) Gurprasaad (He is realized by the kindness of the True Guru) Jap (Repeat His Name) Aad sach (He is True in the beginning, (before the anything (universe) existed) Jugaad sach (He was True when the ages commenced and has ever been True) Hai bhi sach (He is also True now) Nanak hosi bhi sach. ((Satguru) Nanak (says that) he will be certainly True in the future.) Sikhism stresses that God judges all people as to theirRead MoreBusiness Cvommunication Conclusion11663 Words   |  47 PagesSTUDY GUIDE Principles of Management TRUE/FALSE 1. The nature of management is to control and dictate others in an organization. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 6 NAT: AACSB: Analytic | AACSB: Motivation Concepts MSC: F 2. In today’s turbulent and hypercompetitive global environment, managers must help their companies innovate more than ever. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 8 NAT: AACSB: Analytic | AACSB: Creation of Value MSC: F 3. The late famed management theoristRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesIndia occurs in ‘far more encompassing and far reaching ways than in developed countries’, and could therefore be far more complex, ‘for there is so much more that needs to be done’.14 Commentators today celebrate the ubiquitous Indian attitude of ‘Jugaad’ (a Hindi word roughly translated as ‘creative improvisation†¦a tool to somehow ï ¬ nd a solution based on a refusal to accept defeat, and calling on initiative, quick thinking, cunning and resolve†¦to quickly fulï ¬ ll market demands at the lowest possible